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| Photo credit (from left to right): Jeanne Christie, ASWM; Rick Lancaster, Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming | ||
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Updated 6/23/09 |
| Global climate change reports and studies are influencing the way wetland scientists and state wetland managers think about wetlands. From wetlands protection to management, there are many new and emerging factors included in a growing body of knowledge about climate change and its effects on wetlands. Sea level rise, carbon sequestration and invasive species are among the many topics in recent discussion and reports on wetlands and climate change. ASWM has established this webpage to identify the issues and help wetland managers address the questions around how to reevaluate wetland management practices in consideration of global climate change. Several wetland managers and scientists have been gracious enough to help us get started and we would like to thank them for their valuable contributions to this webpage as ASWM develops it more fully over the coming months. It is ASWM's goal to facilitate a working dialogue and to establish an informative resource on this ever-increasingly important topic. | |
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Added 5/6/09 Moderator will be Dr. Amanda Staudt, Climate Scientist, National Wildlife Federation will talk about recent analysis of new research showing that global warming is transforming the world's ice sheets, forests, permafrost and oceans faster than scientists have predicted. Speakers include Cynthia Rosenzweig, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and The Earth Institute at Columbia University, who will talk about how the observed impacts of climate change are happening faster than expected, how we have a much better global understanding of the impacts both from satellite data and from tapping into the knowledge of indigenous people, and the projected impacts if we do not reduce emissions. Corinne Le Quéré, University of East Anglia and British Antarctic Survey will talk about how carbon pollution is rising in the atmosphere faster than worst-case scenarios and how the ocean is becoming saturated with carbon pollution. Dr. Le Quéré will also give an overview and comment on the recent issue of Nature, a special collection of recent research and commentaries on the urgency for action and on emissions targets and timetables. For more information, contact: Aileo Weinmann, National Wildlife Federation, 202-797-6801 weinmanna@nwf.org |
| REPORTS/STUDIES/PROJECTS | |
| Draft “Recommendations for a National Wetlands and Climate Change Initiative” Available for Comment ASWM has posted the draft “Recommendations for a National Wetlands and Climate Change Initiative” based on Wetlands 2008: Wetlands and Global Climate Change, held on September 16-18, 2008 in Portland, Oregon. The Association would appreciate receiving comments by December 8, 2008 by e-mail to Jon Kusler at aswm@aswm.org. ASWM is recommending that federal agencies and Congress create a cooperative National Wetlands and Climate Change Initiative with the states, tribes, local governments, and the private sector. It would build upon existing coordination mechanisms. Please see: http://www.aswm.org/calendar/wetlands2008/recommendations_2008_112008.htm. For a printable version, please see: http://www.aswm.org/calendar/wetlands2008/recommendations_2008_112008.pdf. |
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| Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C By Malte Meinshausen, Nicolai Meinshausen, et. al. – Nature (U.K.) – April 30, 2009 More than 100 countries have adopted a global warming limit of 2 °C or below (relative to pre-industrial levels) as a guiding principle for mitigation efforts to reduce climate change risks, impacts and damages. For a link to this article, go to: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7242/full/nature08017.html |
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| Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne By Myles R. Allen, David J. Frame et. al. – Nature (U.K.) – March 2009 Global efforts to mitigate climate change are guided by projections of future temperatures1. But the eventual equilibrium global mean temperature associated with a given stabilization level of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations remains uncertain. For link to this publication, go to: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7242/full/nature08019.html |
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| Sea Level Rise | |
| Melting threat from West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be less than expected, could hit US hardest By Jonathan Bamber – University of Colorado at Boulder – May 15, 2009 While a total or partial collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet as a result of warming would not raise global sea levels as high as some predict, levels on the U.S. seaboards would rise 25 percent more than the global average and threaten cities like New York, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco, according to a new study. Long thought of as the sleeping giant with respect to sea level rise, Antarctica holds about nine times the volume of ice of Greenland. Its western ice sheet, known as WAIS, is of particular interest to scientists due to its inherent instability, a result of large areas of the continent's bedrock lying below sea level. But the ice sheet's potential contribution to sea level rise has been greatly overestimated, according to new calculations. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-05/uoca-mtf051309.php |
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| Recent Developments in Sea Level Rise Studies – April 2009 Sea Level Rise Simulations Are Now Available Online |
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| Added 5/1/09 An International Competition for Ideas Responding to Sea Level Rise in San Francisco Bay and Beyond The San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) is hosting an open international design competition for ideas responding to sea level rise in San Francisco Bay and beyond. The Rising Tides ideas competition seeks responses to various design challenges, such as: How do we build in an area that is dry now, but that may be wet in the future? How do we retrofit existing shoreline infrastructure such as shipping ports, highways, airports, power plants and wastewater treatment plants? Can we imagine a different shoreline configuration or settlement pattern that allows temporary inundation from extreme storm events? And how do we provide flood protection inland or marshes without drowning the wetland when the water rises? Design proposals may range from practical and pragmatic to aggressively imaginative and speculative. All entries, however, should solve a meaningful sea-level rise problem, while being environmentally smart, simply designed, and transferable to other estuaries beyond San Francisco Bay. Integrating "green building" principles to resilient designs adds another layer of opportunity and complexity. First place will receive a $10,000 USD prize. Up to $15,000 USD in additional prizes will be used to recognize other valuable ideas as determined by the jury. Entries must be submitted by June 29, 4 p.m. PT. For more information on the Rising Tides Design Competition, please see http://www.risingtidescompetition.com |
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| Scientists: Five Foot Rise in Sea Levels by 2100 Possible By Calvin Trillin – Undernews (U.K.) – March 9, 2009 Scientists will warn this week that rising sea levels, triggered by global warming, pose a far greater danger to the planet than previously estimated. There is now a major risk that many coastal areas around the world will be inundated by the end of the century because Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are melting faster than previously estimated. Low-lying areas including Bangladesh, Florida, the Maldives and the Netherlands face catastrophic flooding, while, in Britain, large areas of the Norfolk Broads and the Thames estuary are likely to disappear by 2100. In addition, cities including London, Hull and Portsmouth will need new flood defenses. For full story, go to: http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0903/S00126.htm For related story, go to: http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2009/03/five-foot-sea-level-rise-hit-san-francisco-2100 A related blog: http://climateprogress.org/2007/12/31/sea-levels-may-rise-5-feet-by-2100/ |
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| Maryland's coastal protection laws addressing rising sea level By Sara Michael – Baltimore Examiner – January 18, 2009 Maryland's push to protect Chesapeake Bay aquatic life and improve water quality also serves to prepare the state for the effects of rising sea levels, according to a federal report released Friday. "Maryland is ahead of most other states" in planning for rising sea levels, said Jim Titus, convening lead author of a report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency called Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region. For full article, go to: http://www.baltimoreexaminer.com/local/011809sea.html |
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| EPA Releases Report on Sea Level Rise Contact: Roxanne Smith – EPA News Release – January 16, 2009 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in collaboration with other agencies, has released a report that discusses the impacts of sea level rise on the coast, coastal communities, and the habitats and species that depend on them. The report, Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-Level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region, examines multiple opportunities for governments and coastal communities to plan for and adapt to rising sea levels. For the full press release, go to: http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/ACC097A034222A7E852575400053055C For a direct link to the report, visit: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/sap4-1.html |
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| Study Shows Climate Change Impacts Irreversible February 2009 According to a study by NOAA and French and Swiss researchers, even 1,000 years after carbon dioxide emissions stop, the impacts of sea level rise and global warming will be felt on the world. The report, which appears in the January 27th Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, speaks of irreversible climate change, due in large part to the behavior of the oceans. The report notes that the oceans, slow to warm, have absorbed a lot of the heat of the atmosphere, and about 80 percent of carbon emissions. Eventually, the oceans will begin to pump the heat back into the atmosphere. Lead author, Susan Solomon, an atmospheric chemist with NOAA, remarked that the study doesn't mean fighting climate change is hopeless, rather it shows the need to act quickly. To read the report: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/01/28/0812721106.full.pdf+html?sid= b38662d5-6ded-44b5-ade6-159e9974da9d. |
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| NOAA Study Predicts Arctic Sea Ice Loss by 2030 On January 22, 2009 Jim Overland, a sea ice expert with NOAA, presented research results indicating Arctic summer sea ice is likely to vanish by 2030, at the annual Alaska Marine Science Symposium. According to a scientific consensus, the ice that forms in the Arctic ocean is likely to disappear by 2030 due to climate change. The sea ice plays an important role in moderating global temperatures because it reflects 80 percent of sunlight that strikes it; according to NOAA, without the ice, seawater absorbs 90 percent of sunlight that strikes it. In previous predictions, it was expected that the sea ice would disappear by 2070. However, due to the depletion of sea ice, weather patterns have changed, causing more ice to melt. To read more about this presentation, or other presentations at the Alaska Marine Science Symposium: http://www.alaskamarinescience.org. |
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| NWF’s Global Warming and the Chesapeake Bay Report The National Wildlife Federation has released their report of the impact of http://www.nwf.org/sealevelrise/chesapeakebay.cfm |
| Sea Level Rise: Implications to Coastal Engineering and Coastal Management An Interview with Leslie Ewing, P.E., M. ASCE – COPRI Waterways Spring 2008 http://email.asce.org/copri/SeaLevelRise.html Climate Change Will Have a Significant Impact on Transportation Infrastructure and Operations |
 Coastal erosion in Maine Maine Geological Society photo |
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| Contacts: Maureen O'Leary – The National Academies – March 11, 2008 While every mode of transportation in the U.S. will be affected as the climate changes, potentially the greatest impact on transportation systems will be flooding of roads, railways, transit systems, and airport runways in coastal areas because of rising sea levels and surges brought on by more intense storms, says a new report from the National Research Council. Though the impacts of climate change will vary by region, it is certain they will be widespread and costly in human and economic terms, and will require significant changes in the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems. For full news release, go to: http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12179 Another study, led by the Environmental Protection Agency joined by other agencies, expresses a similar warning on infrastructure and adds a concern for beaches, wetlands and fresh-water supplies that also are threatened due to encroaching saltwater. For more information or to read the report on coastal sensitivity to sea level rise, visit: http://climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-1/public-review-draft/ |
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| Washington State Sea Levels Could Rise Considerably By End of Century By Vince Stricherz – University of Washington News Release – January 17, 2008 Melting glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica, combined with other effects of global climate change, are likely to raise sea levels in parts of Western Washington by the end of this century, though geological forces will offset the rising water in some areas. A new report suggests a moderate scenario is for sea levels on the Washington Coast and in the Puget Sound Basin to rise an average of 6 inches by 2050 and 14 inches by 2100. The analysis, conducted by the Pacific Northwest Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington and the Washington State Department of Ecology, suggests that a worst-case scenario could raise sea levels in some places as much as 22 inches by 2050 and 50 inches -- more than 4 feet -- by 2100. For full press release, go to: http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=39136 For a direct link to the report, go to: http://www.cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/moteetalslr579.pdf |
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| The Disappearance of Relict Permafrost in Boreal North America: Effects on Peatland Carbon Storage and Fluxes Authors: Merritt Turetsky, R. K. Weider, D.H. Vitt, R.J. Evans, K.D. Scott. Global Change Biology. (Online articles: doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01381.x) Boreal peatlands in Canada have harbored relict permafrost since the Little Ice Age due to the strong insulating properties of peat. Ongoing climate change has triggered widespread degradation of localized permafrost in peatlands across continental Canada. Here, we explore the influence of differing permafrost regimes (bogs with no surface permafrost, localized permafrost features with surface permafrost, and internal lawns representing areas of permafrost degradation) on rates of peat accumulation at the southernmost limit of permafrost in continental Canada. Net organic matter accumulation generally was greater in unfrozen bogs and internal lawns than in the permafrost landforms, suggesting that surface permafrost inhibits peat accumulation and that degradation of surface permafrost stimulates net carbon storage in peatlands. To determine whether differences in substrate quality across permafrost regimes control trace gas emissions to the atmosphere, we used a reciprocal transplant study to experimentally evaluate environmental versus substrate controls on carbon emissions from bog, internal lawn, and permafrost peat. Emissions of CO2 were highest from peat incubated in the localized permafrost feature, suggesting that slow organic matter accumulation rates are due, at least in part, to rapid decomposition in surface permafrost peat. For more information, go to: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01381.x |
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| Simulating Sea Level Rise in Peter A. Slovinsky and Stephen M. Dickson, Abstract (only) is available at this time; final report to be published in spring 2007. http://www.aswm.org/member/wetlandnews/february/simulating_sea_level_rise_in_maine.pdf |
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| Sea Level Rise and the Hackensack Meadowlands By Dr. Beth Ravit http://www.hackensackriverkeeper.org/newsletters/Winter2007/12_Winter_2007.htm http://www.hackensackriverkeeper.org/newsletters/Summer2002/009_Summer_2002.htm |
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| Protecting (this led to the revision of the above sand dune rule) http://www.maine.gov/spo/mcp/downloads/beaches%20future/Protecting%20 Maines%20Beaches_Feb06.pdf |
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| Impacts of Future Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Floodplain 2006 Study by Peter A. Slovinsky and Stephen M. Dickson A report prepared by the Maine Geological Survey for the Maine Coastal Program/ Maine State Planning Office in partnership with NOAA http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/marine/sea-level/mgs-open-file-06-14.pdf |
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| Revised Coastal Sand Dune Rule (Chapter 355 of the Natural Resources Protection Act) http://www.maine.gov/dep/blwq/topic/dunes/CH355_4-20-06_revised_%20w_ leg_chgs_on%203_30.pdf |
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| Hurricanes, Sea Level Rise, and New York City Columbia University, Center for Climate Systems Research http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/information/hurricanes/ |
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| Coast 2050: A New Approach to Restoration of by Denise Reed & Lee Wilson (2004) University of http://www.ees.uno.edu/restoration/Reed%20and%20Wilson%202050.pdf |
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| Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise in Massachusetts (1987) Dr. Graham Giese, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies in Massachusetts |
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| Sea Level Rise: Overview of Causes and Effects by James Titus and Michael Barth, EPA paper 1985 http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/ downloads/greenhouse.pdf Paper from: Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise: A Challenge for this Generation, edited by Michael C. Barth and James G. Titus, 1985 http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenter PublicationsSLRChallenge.html |
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| Effects on Wetlands & Management Issues | |
| CSO Releases Climate Change Adaptation Report (September 2007) This week, the CSO Climate Change Work Group released a report entitled The Role of Coastal Zone Management Programs in Adaptation to Climate Change. The Work Group prepared this report to explore the current and future roles of state coastal zone management programs in addressing the increasing impacts of climate change to the coastal zone. This report aims to: Inform Congress and federal agencies of the role of state coastal zone management programs in addressing climate change; Inform efforts to reauthorize the Coastal Zone Management Act; Inform federal agencies of key research, information, and policy needs; and Provide for information of exchange among coastal states and territories. To download a copy of the report, please go to the following link: http://www.coastalstates.org/documents/CSO%20Climate%20Change%20Final%20 Report.pdf |
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| Past and Future Changes in Climate and Hydrological Indicators in the US Northeast By Katharine Hayhoe, Cameron P. Wake, Thomas G. Huntington, Lifeng Luo, et. al. Clim Dyn (2007) 28:381–407; Published online: 16 November 2006, Springer-Verlag 2006. To assess the influence of global climate change at the regional scale, we examine past and future changes in key climate, hydrological, and biophysical indicators across the US Northeast (NE). http://www.aswm.org/science/climate_change/2007_climate_dynamics_ne.pdf |
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| Climate Change and Consequences for Georgia: Rising Seas and Drying Rivers Dr. Ron Carroll, Director-Science, River Basin Center, UGA PowerPoint presented Jan. 12, 2007 http://www.rivercenter.uga.edu/education/carroll/climate_change.pdf |
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| Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Communities: Vulnerabilities to Climate Change by Mortsch, L., J. Ingram, A. Hebb and S. Doka (eds). 2006. http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/research/aird/wetlands/index_files/page0012.htm |
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| The Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Marine Systems Christopher D. G. Harley, A. Randall Hughes, Kristin M. Hultgren, Benjamin G. Miner, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Carol S. Thornber, Laura F. Rodriguez, Lars Tomanek, Susan L. Williams (2006) Ecology Letters 9 (2), 228–241. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x |
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Natural Approaches to Shoreline Management, Erosion Control, etc. (July 2005) ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/MD/web_documents/programs/rcd/shore_esrcd.pdf Shoreline Changes online project http://shorelines.dnr.state.md.us/sc_online.asp |
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| Vulnerability of Northern Prairie Wetlands to Climate Change by W. Carter Johnson, Bruce V. Millett, Tagir Gilmanov, et. al. 2005 http://www.naturalstatecoalition.org/report.pdf |
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http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/pubs/biodiversity/OBS_english.pdf |
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| Impact of U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Department of Agriculture Programs and Ecological Services Derived from Restored Prairie Wetland and Adjacent Grasslands (2004) by Dr. Ned “Chip” Euliss, Jr. and Dr. Robert Gleason, both with Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, USGS; this report discusses sequestration, too ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/studyplanweb14dec06.pdf |
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| Effects of Global Climate Change on Great Lakes Wetlands (1999-2003) Lead on project: Dr. Douglas Wilcox, USGS, Great Lakes Science Center http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/brd_global_change/proj_31_great_lakes.html |
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| Integrating the Effects of Land Use and Global Climate Change on Hydrology and Vegetation of Northern Great Plains Wetlands, United States (1999-2003) Lead on project: Glenn R. Guntenspergen, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/brd_global_change/proj_51_land_use.html |
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| Potential Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on the Structure and Function of Coastal Marshes (1999-2003) Lead on project: Dr. Karen L. McKee, USGS, National Wetlands Research Center http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/brd_global_change/proj_41_marsh_co2.html |
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 Carbon SequestrationPeridotite Mineral Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Untested but Potentially Large Climate Change Mitigation Tool By Ryan D. Hottle – Global Climate Solutions – November 23, 2008 |
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| U.S. Dept. of Energy – Carbon Sequestration (Sea) Fact Sheet April 2008 |
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| U.S. Dept. of Energy – Carbon Sequestration |
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| Switchgrass Fuel Yields Bountiful Energy: Study By Timothy Gardner – Reuters News Service – January 10, 2008 Switchgrass, a crop touted by venture capitalists and environmentalists alike as a next-generation ethanol feedstock, yields about five times more energy than it takes to grow it, making the plant a far more efficient fuel source than corn, a new study said. In addition, the life cycle of the switchgrass ethanol -- which includes growing the crop, making the fuel, and burning it in vehicles -- emits about 94 percent less of planet-warming carbon dioxide than the life cycle of gasoline, said the study, published on Tuesday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. For full article, go to: http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/46338/story.htm For more on switchgrass and carbon sequestration, visit: http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/biomass/switchgrass/switchgrassprofile.htm |
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 RMFU Carbon Credit Program Expands Rocky Mountain Farmers Union Newsletter - May 3, 2007 Rocky Mountain Farmers Union (RMFU) announced today that the Chicago Climate Exchange has approved the expansion of its carbon credit program for agriculture producers in Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico. The program has been created through a partnership with the National Farmers Union (NFU) and approved by the Chicago Climate Exchange to enroll agriculture producers’ acres into blocks of credits that will be traded similarly to other agricultural commodities. The program, which was introduced last year on a limited basis, has expanded and will be available to 22 Colorado counties, 10 Wyoming counties and 16 New Mexico counties. Producers in these counties who qualify for the program can be compensated for establishing conservation tillage (including no-till) and long-term grass seeding practices (including alfalfa for hay). These practices store or “sequester” carbon and reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, reducing greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. "The Rocky Mountain Farmers Union's carbon credit program is an example of how the New Energy Economy can benefit our rural communities," said Colorado Governor Ritter. "Bringing a new revenue stream to agriculture that also works with our efforts to address climate change is a great example of how Colorado can benefit from these innovative programs." This year’s deadline to enroll in the program is August 15, 2007. For full story, go to: http://www.rmfu.org/News/Releases/ShowNews.cfm?ID=318 |
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| The Carbon Balance of North American Wetlands By Scott Bridgham, Patrick Megonigal, et. al. (This appeared in the December 2006 issue of Wetlands, from the Society of Wetland Scientists.) http://www.aswm.org/wbn/carbon_balance_of_north_american_wetlands.pdf |
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| Northern American Prairie Wetlands are Important Nonforested Land-based Carbon Storage Sites by Dr. Robert Gleason and Dr. Ned “Chip” Euliss, |
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| Economics of Sequestering Carbon in the U.S. Agricultural Sector By Jan Lewandrowski, Mark Peters, Carol Jones, Robert House, Mark Sperow, Marlen Eve, and Keith Paustian -- Economic Research Service -- Technical Bulletin No. (TB1909) 69 pp, March 2004 Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases can be reduced by withdrawing carbon from the atmosphere and sequestering it in soils and biomass. This report analyzes the performance of alternative incentive designs and payment levels if farmers were paid to adopt land uses and management practices that raise soil carbon levels. At payment levels below $10 per metric ton for permanently sequestered carbon, analysis suggests landowners would find it more cost effective to adopt changes in rotations and tillage practices. At higher payment levels, afforestation dominates sequestration activities, mostly through conversion of pastureland. For full report, go to: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/TB1909/ Or for direct link to full report PDF: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/tb1909/tb1909.pdf |
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| Prairie Wetlands and Carbon Sequestration-- Assessing Sinks Under the Kyoto Protocol Edited by David Wylynko; summary from Oak Hammock Marsh meeting in Winnipeg, sponsored by Ducks Unlimited Canada, Wetlands International and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (1999) http://www.iisd.org/wetlands/wrkshp_summ.pdf |
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| ASWM PUBLICATIONS | |
| Wetlands and Global Climate Change, by Leah Stetson (February 2007) | |
 Seas rise and reshape barrier islands, coastal shorelines and estuaries. Wetlands store a significant amount of carbon. In response to global climate change, wetland scientists and decision-makers have posed the questions: How do we manage wetlands with added understanding about climate change and its direct, indirect and long-range effects? Are there ways to mitigate the effects |
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| Wetlands and Climate Change: Management Options, by Jon Kusler, ASWM (2007) (PDF) | |
| Common Questions: Wetland, Climate Change, and Carbon Sequestering by Jon Kusler,, Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. (06/26/06) | |
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| MEDIA COVERAGE | |
Researchers examine impact of climate change on lakes, wetlands |
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Government report shows climate change is happening now and impacting entire U.S. |
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Contact: Dale Kemery – EPA News Release – June 16, 2009 EPA is awarding financial and technical assistance to eight National Estuary Programs to support their efforts to plan and adapt to climate change in estuaries. This assistance, including $430,000 in financial support, is provided through EPA’s Climate Ready Estuaries program, the goal of which is to build local ability to adapt to climate change. For full story, go to: http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d985312f6895893b852574ac005f1e40/d596b2979b7508f3852575d700562350!OpenDocument |
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| Paper Reports Sea Level could rise more than anticipated on Northeastern Coast CSO Weekly Report – June 5, 2009 According to a paper in the May 29 edition of Geophysical Research Letters, sea levels off the coastline of the Northeastern United States and Nova Scotia could rise more than in other regions in the next century. The paper purports the cause of this accelerated rate will be the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. According to the paper, New York, Boston, Halifax, and other Northeastern cities could see a sea level rise of 12 to 20 inches more than the average sea level rise by the year 2100. According to the paper's author, Aixue Hu, a scientist with NOAA in Boulder, Colorado, "If the Greenland melt continues to accelerate, we could see significant impacts this century on the northeast U.S. coast from the resulting sea level rise. Major northeastern cities are directly in the path of the greatest rise." To read the paper, visit: http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/. |
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| New worries on Arctic permafrost thaw By Alister Doyle – Reuters News – May 22, 2009 A rise in concentrations of a powerful greenhouse gas over the Arctic after a decade of stability is stirring worries about a possible thaw of vast stores trapped in permafrost, experts said. Levels of methane in the atmosphere rose 0.6 percent in 2008, according to preliminary data from the Zeppelin station on a remote island in the Norwegian Arctic, after a similar 0.6 percent gain in 2007, Norwegian officials said. The 2007 rise outpaced a global rise in methane of 0.34 percent to a new record high after levels had been stable for about a decade. World data for 2008 are not yet available. "The biggest worry is that there are emissions from the permafrost, and also from wetlands in the northern region," said Catherine Lund Myhre, senior scientist at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. For full story, go to: http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE54L34W20090522 |
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| Study Halves Prediction of Rising Seas By Andrew Revkin – New York Times – May 15, 2009 A new analysis halves longstanding projections of how much sea levels could rise if Antarctica’s massive western ice sheets fully disintegrated as a result of global warming. The flow of ice into the sea would probably raise sea levels about 10 feet rather than 20 feet, according to the analysis, published in the May 15 issue of the journal Science. The scientists also predicted that seas would rise unevenly, with an additional 1.5-foot increase in levels along the east and west coasts of North America. That is because the shift in a huge mass of ice away from the South Pole would subtly change the strength of gravity locally and the rotation of the Earth, the authors said. For full story, go to: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/science/earth/15antarctica.html?hp |
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| Loss of Peat Bogs Around the World Affects Climate Change By Earth Talk – May 9, 2009 Peatlands are wetland ecosystems that accumulate plant material to form layers of peat soil up to 60 feet thick. They can store, on average, 10 times more carbon dioxide (CO2), the leading greenhouse gas , than other ecosystems. As such, the world’s peat bogs represent an important “carbon sink”—a place where CO2 is stored below ground and can’t escape into the atmosphere and exacerbate global warming . When drained or burned, however, peat decomposes and the stored carbon gets released into the atmosphere. For full article, go to: http://www.healthnewsdigest.com/news/Environment_380/Loss_of_Peat_Bogs_Around_ the_World_Affects_Climate_Change.shtml |
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| How Much Is Too Much?: Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions By David Biello – Scientific American – April 29, 2009 To avoid catastrophic climate change, the world will need to emit less than one trillion metric tons of carbon between now and 2050, according to two new papers published in Nature (see links under publications). In other words, there is only room in the atmosphere to burn or vent less than one quarter of known oil, natural gas and coal reserves. For full article, go to: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=limits-on-greenhouse-gas-emissions&sc=CAT_INNO_20090501 |
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| Climate Change Shrinks Some of the World's Largest Rivers | |
ENS – April 21, 2009 |
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| LA: Wetlands restoration touted at panel discussion on climate change | |
| By Molly Reid - The Times-Picayune – April 16, 2009 Wetlands restoration was touted as a lucrative way to enter the burgeoning carbon credit market Wednesday evening at a panel discussion on climate change. Going beyond the direct environmental benefits and job-creation opportunities posed by multi-million dollar wetland restoration projects currently in the works, panelist and wetlands expert Sarah Mack said the immense carbon-saving value of restoring Louisiana's coastline can make the state a powerful player in the European and, prospectively, American carbon trading markets. "When we lose wetlands, we emit major amounts of carbon into the atmosphere," Mack said, speaking to an audience of about 100 at Loyola University's Nunemaker Hall at the "Restore Our Coasts, Repower Louisiana" town hall forum. "If we rebuild 30,000 square miles, that's the equivalent of removing the emissions of 8 million cars. That translates to $1 billion of the European carbon trade market." For full story, go to: http://www.nola.com/business/index.ssf/2009/04/wetlands_restoration_touted_at.html |
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Climate Change to Cause Major Shifts in Global Wildfire Patterns |
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| Global warming could help the wetlands -- at least, temporarily | |
| Daily Comet – March 26, 2009 Scientists say high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the cause of global warming and rising sea levels that could drown coastal communities like Terrebonne and Lafourche. But a new study from the Smithsonia Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. says the carbon dioxide could — at least temporarily — have a positive effect on vulnerable coastal wetlands. For full story, go to: http://www.dailycomet.com/article/20090326/HURBLOG/903269955?Title=Global-warming-could-help-the-wetlands-at-least-temporarily |
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| Scientists find climate change to have paradoxical effects in coastal wetlands | |
| EurekAlert – March 23, 2009 Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide is largely responsible for recent global warming and the rise in sea levels. However, a team of scientists, including two Smithsonian ecologists, have found that this same increase in CO2 may ironically counterbalance some of its negative effects on one of the planet's most valuable ecosystems—wetlands. The team's findings are being published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the week of March 23. For full story, go to: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-03/s-sfc032009.php |
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| Citizen Scientists Track Climate Change | |
| By Sadie Babits – The Environment Report – March 16, 2009 Scientists are asking citizens to pay attention to plants this spring. They want you to report everything from leaf buds to blossoms. Scientists want those observations from right in your backyard to better understand how climate change is affecting plants and trees. Sadie Babits liked the idea and signed up: You know, I found it really isn't hard to be a citizen scientist. I'm on the website for Project Budburst. It's a nationwide effort to get people out into their backyards to track spring flowers. All I have to do is to pick a plant or tree to keep an eye on and then report my findings. For full story, go to: http://environmentreport.org/transcript.php3?story_id=4399 For more about Project Budburst, visit: http://www.windows.ucar.edu/citizen_science/budburst/ |
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| President Calls for Profitable Green Energy | |
By Lester Graham – Environment Report – February 23, 2009 |
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| Sea levels rising at nearly double previous estimates due to global warming | |
| By Maya Linson – Medill Reports Chicago – January 29, 2009 Scientists predict that global sea levels could rise nearly 40 inches by the end of the century, according to a recent report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The new estimates nearly double the worst-case scenario presented in 2007 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which projected a global sea level rise of 7 to 23 inches by the end of the century. For full story, go to: http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=113477 |
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| Warming Trends Alter Conservation Experts Think Old Paradigm of Fixed Boundaries Will Not Work as Sea Levels Rise |
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| By Juliet Eilperin – Washington Post – January 25, 2009 As climate change begins to transform the environment in the United States and overseas, policymakers and environmentalists are realizing that the old paradigm of setting aside tracts of land or sea to preserve species that might otherwise disappear is no longer sufficient. […] But as temperatures rise and animals and even plants migrate to more hospitable habitats, fixed boundaries set years ago no longer provide the protection some species need. Experts are exploring new strategies, focusing on such steps as protecting migration corridors, collecting and transplanting seeds, making sanctuary boundaries flexible and managing forests in novel ways. […] Refuge managers could try to relocate the deer, Morkill said, but "a Key deer outside the Florida Keys is no longer a Key deer." Moreover, she said, officials need to ask themselves: "How much resources should we use today to preserve a habitat that may disappear in 50 years?" For full article, go to: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/25/ST2009012500606.html |
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| By Pamela Wood – The Capital – January 18, 2009 Maryland and other Mid-Atlantic states need to do a better job of preparing for sea-level rise if climate change is as intense as scientists think it will be, according to a new federal report. On the last business day of the Bush Administration on Friday, the federal government issued the report, "Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region." For full story, go to: http://www.hometownannapolis.com/cgi-bin/read/2009/01_18-37/TOP |
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| Maryland's coastal protection laws addressing rising sea level | |
| By Sara Michael – Baltimore Examiner – January 18, 2009 Maryland's push to protect Chesapeake Bay aquatic life and improve water quality also serves to prepare the state for the effects of rising sea levels, according to a federal report released Friday. "Maryland is ahead of most other states" in planning for rising sea levels, said Jim Titus, convening lead author of a report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency called “Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Rise: A Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region.” For full article, go to: http://www.baltimoreexaminer.com/local/011809sea.html |
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| MD: EPA: Climate change will have big effect on Md. coastal erosion | |
| By Timothy B. Wheeler - Baltimore Sun – January 17, 2009 Climate change will produce a sharp increase in storm-related flooding and coastal erosion over the next century in Maryland and the rest of the mid-Atlantic coastal states, affecting both natural and human communities, the federal government said in a report released yesterday. The 786-page report by the Environmental Protection Agency says that rising sea levels as a result of global warming could worsen current losses of tidal marshes, which are vital spawning and nursery areas for fish and birds. Coastal barrier islands such as Assateague Island near Ocean City, already washed over by the Atlantic during intense storms, are likely to be permanently broken through by pounding waves. For full story, go to: http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.climate17jan17,0,6912378.story For additional story, Maryland's coastal protection laws addressing rising sea level, go to: http://www.baltimoreexaminer.com/local/011809sea.html |
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| NY: Scientists watching sea level effects on East End marshes |
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| By Michael Wright – East Hampton Press – January 13, 2009 As ice caps melt and sea levels rise around the planet, some local scientists are worried that the East End’s wetlands may start to disappear, especially in places where pollution and development are already causing problems. Scientists from The Nature Conservancy, working with state and county officials, embarked this fall on a study to test whether local wetlands are adapting to rising sea levels and determine where they can be expected to persist and where they may vanish forever. For full story, go to: http://www.27east.com/story_detail.cfm?id=189970 |
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| Archived News Return to top. |
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| Farms suspected to spur rivers' carbon output |
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| Alberta Farmer (CAN) – December 22, 2008 Researchers at Ontario's Trent University say they may have linked "intensive" farming to the amount of carbon dioxide released from river systems. Ph.D. student Henry Wilson and his supervisor at the Peterborough-based university, Maggie Xenopoulos, published their findings online Sunday on the website of the journal Nature Geoscience.Their study, Wilson said, aimed to explore how organic matter is processed in agricultural streams. They found that "intensive agriculture" -- that is, higher levels of cultivation and usage of cropland -- "decreases the chemical complexity" of dissolved organic matter in nearby rivers. For full story, visit: http://www.albertafarmexpress.ca/issues/ISArticle.asp?id=93902&issue= 12222008&story_id=&PC=FBC |
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| WA: New state climate change report provides blueprint for new jobs, green economy, energy independence |
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Contact: Seth Preston – Washington Dept. of Ecology News Release – December 22, 2008 |
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| Would burying CO2 help in climate crisis? |
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| USA Today – December 6, 2008 (Poland) Could the world solve part of its climate crisis by simply burying the problem? Backers say carbon capture and storage could make an important contribution to cutting emissions by mid-century. The idea involves capturing carbon dioxide as power stations spew it out, then pumping it into empty gas and oil wells or aquifers, where it will remain forever. But, as delegates from some 190 countries meet in Poland to begin thrashing out a new global climate change treaty, environmentalists are divided. Some see the still-unproven and expensive technology as a distraction from renewable energy; others say it deserves a chance because dirty and cheap coal-fired power isn't about to disappear. The top U.N. climate official, Yvo de Boer, said he believes it will be "critical" for countries such as China and India to use coal as they expand their economies and fight poverty. For full story, go to: http://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/globalwarming/2008-12-06-poland- climate-change_N.htm |
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| INTERNATIONAL NEWS | |
| Caribbean Governments Urged to Set Climate Action Agenda By Andrea Downer – ENS – April 9, 2008 Regional scientists are calling on Caribbean governments to help develop an emerging research and action agenda that will prepare the islands for the effects of climate change. A preliminary agenda was reached after three teams of scientists carried out extensive research on climate change scenarios and modeling, coastal, marine and terrestrial biodiversity in the region. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2008/2008-04-09-04.asp |
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| STATE CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS | |
| EPA lists climate change action plans for over 25 states with links to all but two state plans available. Some of these climate change action plans specifically address wetlands, identify impacts of climate change to wetlands, refer to wetlands as “carbon sinks” and sources of methane. A few states incorporate carbon sequestration in wetlands as part of the strategy to mitigate the effects of climate change. ASWM has created a preliminary list of the states’ climate change action plans that include reference to these wetland issues. |
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20I%20Final.pdf and part 2 is at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/downloads/GHG%20Volume% 20II%20Final.pdf |
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climate-action-plan.pdf |
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| SCIENTISTS CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON WETLANDS & CLIMATE CHANGE | |
| Professor Kelman Wieder, Ph.D, Villanova University, carbon sequestration, northern forested wetlands research | |
| http://www13.homepage.villanova.edu/kelman.wieder/CurriculumVitae2.htm#Publications%20 in%20Refereed%20Journals |
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| Professor Nigel Roulet at McGill University, Department of Geography, climate change and carbon sequestration research interests and publications | |
| http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/faculty/roulet/ | |
| Professor Scott Bridgham, University of Oregon, Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Program. Research interests: Carbon and nutrient cycling, wetland ecology, trace gas production, climate change, biogeochemistry, microbial ecology, plant community structure, plant-nutrient interactions, restoration | |
| http://evolution.uoregon.edu/bridgham.htm | |
| Virginia Burkett, Ph.D., USGS research on global climate change and wetlandshttp://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/about/directorate/burkett.htm | |
| Dr. Merritt Turetsky, Michigan State University Research interests include: carbon sequestration, peatlands http://www.plantbiology.msu.edu/turetsky/research.htm |
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| Robert A. Gleason, Ph.D., Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, USGS Research interests include: carbon sequestration, prairie pothole regionhttp://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/staff/gleason.htm |
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| Ned H. “Chip” Euliss, Jr. Ph.D., Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, USGS Research interests include: wetlands as carbon stores, sequestrationhttp://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/staff/eulissn.htm |
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| Dr. Graham Giese, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies Research interests include: shoreline changehttp://coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/land-sea/index.htm |
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| Peter A. Slovinsky and Stephen M. Dickson, Maine Geological Survey Research interests include: sea level risehttp://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/about/contacts.htm |
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| Denise J. Reed, Ph.D., University of New Orleans Research interests include: coastal subsistence, sea level risehttp://www.ees.uno.edu/restoration/d_j_reed.htm |
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| Kevin Knuuti, P.E., Army Corps Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, Research interests inlclude: sea level rise’s effect on inlets, estuarieshttp://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/CHL.aspx?p=s&a=PERSONS;264 | |
| Dr. Pascal Badiou, a research scientist with Ducks Unlimited Canada's Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research http://www.ducks.ca/conserve/research/team/staff/badiou.html | |
| Interview: The Future of Water in a Warmer World GLRC (MI) Lester Graham talks with Peter H. Gleick, President and co-founder of the Pacific Institute, who is concerned that without reducing greenhouse gas emissions, global warming will have dire impact on water resources. April 16, 2007 (University of Michigan) http://www.glrc.org/story.php3?story_id=3399 |
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| RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES | |||
| Postdoctoral Associate for large-scale coastal ecosystem flooding experiment | |||
| The Division of Earth and Ecological Sciences at Tulane University is seeking a Postdoctoral Associate to help lead a DOE-funded Gulf Coast ecosystem sea level rise and storm surge experiment. The experiment will utilize large enclosures, ecophysiological sensors, and advanced command and control systems, to manipulate water height and salinity levels and test hypotheses associated with marsh and coastal forest response to climate change. Highly motivated individuals interested in playing a key role in developing a large-scale experimental manipulation study are encouraged to apply. Research experience with one or more of the following is desired: wetlands science, field ecology, ecophysiological studies, data acquisition and control, environmental sensors, and computer programming. Applicants must have a Ph.D. in ecological or earth sciences, or a related discipline, and the appointment will be for two years with an anticipated start date of March 2009 (flexible). Applicants should send an email with a cover letter, CV, statement of research interests, and names and contact information for three referees, with the title “NICCR experiment postdoc” to Dr. Jeffrey Chambers chambers@tulane.edu Tulane University is an equal employment opportunity and affirmative action employer committed to excellence through diversity. | |||
Seeking Post-Doctoral Research Associate for Climate Central |
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| Climate Center (http://www.climatecentral.org) is seeking one or more research associates with strong writing abilities and a recent Ph.D. (or to be conferred by early 2009) in a relevant science or engineering field, including (but not limited to) atmospheric, cryospheric, environmental, and geophysical sciences, chemistry, physics, ecology, hydrology, oceanography, and chemical, civil, electrical, or mechanical engineering. Appointment would be for a two-year term, with possibility of extension. Our expectation is to offer a salary commensurate with starting post-doctoral positions at major research universities. The main responsibility for this position will be providing scientific support for Climate Central's video and web production. The applicant will be involved in brainstorming ideas for video documentaries, helping craft both general narratives and detailed scripts, and will be primarily responsible for researching and creating companion web resources that use the underlying scientific literature to fully document scripts (see example annotation supporting a 10 minute video that appeared on the 10/31/08 installment of PBS's NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, http://www.climatecentral.org/video/montana-trout-drought/annotated-transcript.html). Climate Central has headquarters in Princeton, NJ and offices in Palo Alto, CA and St. Paul, MN. The position(s) will be based at the Princeton or St. Paul office. Climate Central is an equal-opportunity employer; women and members of underrepresented minorities are encouraged to apply. To apply, please email a cover letter, CV, list of three references, and writing sample (see below) to jobs@climatecentral.org; please send as a single PDF file with subject line POSTDOC. Review of applications will begin 12/15/08 and continue until the position(s) are filled. For a writing sample, applicants should supply no more than one page supporting one of the following three statements: (1) experts believe that coastal areas will experience more erosion because of climate change; (2) experts believe corn-based ethanol provides only modest reductions in greenhouse gas emissions over the petroleum it replaces (even if carbon releases associated with land-use change are neglected); and (3) Energy storage is a major obstacle to large-scale deployment of power generation technologies that use renewable but intermittent energy sources like wind and solar. The writing sample should be written in a style accessible to the general public-see the annotation example described above as a guide. |
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| Graduate Student Position in Stream and Watershed Biogeochemistry | |||
Funding is available for a either a M.S. or Ph.D. student in the Department of Biology and Wildlife at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The student will join a broader research project examining stream and watershed hydro-biogeochemistry in the boreal forest of Alaska. Discontinuous permafrost underlies much of the boreal forest of interior Alaska and has a major effect on watershed carbon and nutrient fluxes by controlling watershed hydrology and the storage of organic matter in soil. With climatic warming, permafrost is thawing, which will alter watershed hydrology and release soil carbon and nutrients to streams and the atmosphere. Our research examines the implications of climate change on watershed hydrology, nutrient fluxes and stream biogeochemistry. This work is funded through the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Program ( http://www.lter.uaf.edu/ ) and is focused in the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watersheds (CPCRW) located near Fairbanks. Additional information about research in my lab can be found at http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~jay_jones/ . Review of applications by the Department of Biology and Wildlife at the University of Alaska Fairbanks begins January 15, 2009. For more information, please contact Dr. Jay Jones at ffjbj@uaf.edu or 907-474-7972. |
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| Research Assistantship – Studying Nitrogen Retention |
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| A Ph.D. Research Assistantship is available beginning in the fall of 2009 to study variation in nitrogen retention among diverse managed and unmanaged ecosystems in central PA. The student will be advised by Dr. Jason Kaye (http://kayelab.psu.edu) in conducting isotope tracer experiments and will collaborate with a postdoc and PI (Dr. Enid Martinez; http://cropsoil.psu.edu/people/faculty/martinezce.cfm) using spectroscopy to identify soil organic N forms. Collaborations on education and outreach components of the project are also expected. Students with a MS degree in ecology, environmental science, or soil science are especially encouraged to apply, though applicants with Bachelor’s degrees and significant undergraduate research experience will also be considered. Interested applicants should call (841-863-1614) or email jpk@psu.edu Dr. Kaye and apply to the Graduate Program in Soil Science http://cropsoil.psu.edu/academic/soilscienceg.cfm) or the Inter-College Degree Program in Ecology (http://www.huck.psu.edu/education/ecology). Either of these degrees can be combined with the new Biogeochemistry Dual Title Degree program. |
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| PhD Positions Available – Studying Wetlands & Climate Change |
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| Two PhD positions are available for qualified individuals to study peatland ecology at Michigan Technological University http://www.forest.mtu.edu One position will work on a DOE-NICCR climate change project. The student will work closely with both PI’s (Rod Chimner at Michigan Tech and Merritt Turetsky at U. of Guelph) to study fundamental questions regarding the interactive effects of warming and long-term water manipulations on peatland carbon cycling and how they are modified by peat chemistry and vegetation changes. Consideration of applications begins immediately and will continue until the positions are filled. Start date is flexible. Please send a cover letter that states your research interests, your curriculum vitae, and any other relevant materials, and provide the names and contact information for three references, by email to Rod Chimner at rchimner@mtu.edu |
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| Postdoctoral Position in Soil Carbon Assessment for Alaska at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology Applications for this position can be submitted at the following URL: http://www.uakjobs.com/applicants/Central?quickFind=63077 or by going to http://www.uakjobs.com and entering posting number 0055332. Applications will be received until the position is filled, but review of applications will begin on 26 June 2008. More information on the nature of the position can be obtained by contacting Dr. A. David McGuire, 907-474-6242, ffadm@uaf.edu, or Dr. Jennifer Harden, 650-329-4949, jharden@usgs.gov. |
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| SEEDS Spring Field Trip 2008: Alaska Ecology on the Edge: Polar Ecosystems and their Response to a Changing Climate" May 25 - 31 at the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research site (LTER) For more information about this organization, visit: http://www.lter.uaf.edu/ This field trip provides a unique opportunity to learn from, and perhaps contribute to, the scientific research programs taking place at the Earth's poles and is taking place during International Polar Year (2008). During the field trip, students will tour Alaskan boreal forests, muskegs and wetlands, and the floodplains of the Tanana River. Students will conduct an ecological investigation, and present results on the effects of fires in Alaska. For more information on this trip, please visit http://esa.org/seeds/fieldtrips/upcoming.php |
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| Climate Adaptation Specialists- Freshwater and Terrestrial | |||
| World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the global conservation organization seeks two Climate Adaptation Specialists, one to work on freshwater ecosystems, the other on terrestrial ecosystems. This Senior Program Officer position plans, manages, communicates, and implements project as part of the EpiCenter of Climate Adaptaiton and Resilience Building. Leads the development of successful adaptation field projects and manages other strategic efforts to build WWF’s profile and knowledge around adaptation/resilience-building in order to protect nature from the impacts of climate change. Works under the supervision of the Chief Climate Change Scientist/Director of the EpiCenter of Climate Adaptation and Resilience Building and is part of the WWF Climate Change Global Program Unit. For more information, visit: http://www.worldwildlife.org/jobs | |||
| Master's or PhD Position to Study Carbon Budgets of Peatland in Michigan's UP A fully funded PhD (or Master's) position is available to investigate the water and carbon budgets of peatlands in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. This research is needed as peatlands store an enormous reserve of terrestrial carbon, are sensitive to changes in regional hydrology and are primarily located in areas expected to experience dramatic climate warming. The successful applicant will join the graduate program in the School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science at Michigan Technological University (MTU). Desirable qualifications in the applicant include a degree in Ecology, Forestry or Hydrology. A strong interest in field based research, experimental design and statistics is highly desired. Consideration of applications begins immediately and will continue until the position is filled. Please send a cover letter that states your research interests and provides the names and contact information for three references, your curriculum vitae, and any other relevant materials by email to Tom Pypker (tgpypker@mtu.edu), School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 - Dr. Tom Pypker, Tel: 906-487-1089, e-mail: tgpypker@mtu.edu For more information, visit: http://forest.mtu.edu/faculty/pypker/index.html |
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| CLIMATE CHANGE AND WETLAND EVENTS | |
| The Natural Resources Defense Council and Environmental Defense Fund would like to invite you to join us for one of two East Coast workshops exploring issues related to Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS). 5 March 2009. The first workshop will be an all-day event and will be held at the Bloomberg National Headquarters, 731 Lexington Avenue Headquarters, New York City, from 8:30 am – 5:00 pm. 6 March 2009. The second workshop will be a half-day event at the U.S. House of Representatives, Rayburn House Office Building, Room 2322, Washington, D.C. from 9:00 am – 12:00 pm. It is our hope that these workshops will contribute to the public dialogue regarding the role of CCS in lowering greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). To register, and for further details including the agenda for both events, please visit: http://www.ccsworkshop2009.eventbrite.com Free Admittance; RSVP Required No Tickets to be Required or Distributed |
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| 4-6 May 2009. AWRA Spring Specialty Conference: Managing Water Resouroces & Development in a Changing Climate will be held at the Anchorage Marriott Downtown, Anchorage, Alaska. Earlybird Registration Deadline: April 13, 2009. For information visit: http://www.awra.org/meetings/Anchorage2009/index.html | |
Environmental Ethics Institute 2009: Fire, Restoration and Wilderness in the age of climate change June 8th- 13th, 2009 in Missoula, MT. Registration deadline: May 14, 2009. This year’s institute will be led and taught by Andrew Light and Christopher Preston. Field trips include visits to the Milltown Dam Superfund restoration site and the Rattlesnake Wilderness and National Recreation Area. For more information about this conference, go to: http://www.umt.edu/ethics/eei/2009/ |
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| Carbon in Northern Forests Conference | |
| Carbon in Northern Forests: Integration of Research and Management will take place on June 10-11, 2009 at the Hagerty Center in Traverse City, Michigan. This goal of this conference is to explore the breadth of forest carbon science in the Lake States and Northeast regions and provide an opportunity for scientists to: (1) share and discuss research on carbon pools and cycling in temperate and boreal forests; (2) identify research needs in forest carbon science given natural and human disturbances and environmental change; and (3) highlight potential effects of management on carbon dynamics and suggest methods to increase carbon stored in forests and wood products. Focus areas include: - Disturbance Effects on Forest Carbon Pools - Management Interaction with Forest Carbon Pools - Valuing Carbon as an Ecosystem Service - Bioenergy for Fossil Fuel Substitution and Carbon Sequestration Abstracts for oral and poster presentations will be accepted until April 3, 2009. Additionally, presenters will have the opportunity to submit manuscripts for a special issue of the journal FOREST SCIENCE. Additional information is available online at the conference website: www.forest.mtu.edu/cinf |
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EPA sponsors climate change symposium for tribes |
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| U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5 is sponsoring a symposium on Climate Change in the Great Lakes Basin for tribal officials and others December 1-4, 2008 at the Forest County Potawatomi Bingo Casino, 1721 W. Canal St., Milwaukee. The symposium will provide an opportunity to discuss health and cultural effects of climate change in tribal communities around the Great Lakes such as its impact on water supplies and threats to native species important to indigenous cultures and economies. Symposium agenda and registration information are available at http://www.epa.gov/region5/air/tribes/TCCSymposium.htm | |
Effects of Climate Change on Natural Resources in California--A Series of Seminars |
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| 29-31 July 2008. Impact of Climate Change on the Great Lakes Ecosystem - A NOAA Science Needs Assessment Workshop to Meet Emerging Challenges will be held at the School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan Central Campus, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Information on the workshop is available at: http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Programs/climate_change/cc_workshop.html |
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| Wetlands 2008: Wetlands and Global Climate Change ASWM will hold Wetlands 2008: Wetlands and Global Climate Change in Portland, Oregon on September 16-18 at the Doubletree Hotel. There will be a field trip on Monday, September 15 and Thursday, September 18. See Field Trips. On Friday, September 19 there will be additional workshops sponsored by Pacific Northwest Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. See Workshops. Global climate change will be the primary topic at ASWM's annual conference. Carbon sequestration and wetlands, sea level change, and strategies for managing wetlands in response to long term changes in temperature and precipitation will be important topics. Other related topics will include wetland research priorities, monitoring trends in wetlands and related resources, management strategies, invasive species, biodiversity and policy responses to a changing environment. The purpose of this symposium is to describe challenges, identify opportunities, and share cooperative strategies for protecting, restoring and conserving wetlands in response to climate change. For information, please visit the Wetlands 2008 website or contact Laura at laura@aswm.org or 207-892-3399. Now Posted: Field Trips and Workshops |
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| American Public Works Association (APWA) Symposium on Climate Change April 9-10, 2008 Tempe, Arizona. APWA will host its first-ever Climate Change Symposium this Spring. Join us to explore mitigation and adaptation concepts impacting today’s public works departments, highlighting how local governments can impact the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. For more information, visit www.apwa.net/SuperPush/index.asp?ID=99 |
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| Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region: Starting a Discussion http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/climatechange/ |
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| Wetlands in the 21st Century: Altered Landscapes and Changing Climates Wisconsin Wetlands Association’s 13th Annual Conference: Jan. 31 & Feb. 1, 2008 Abstract Deadline: Wednesday, October 31, 2007 - In 2008, Wisconsin Wetlands Association will convene members of the regional wetland community for the 13th annual conference to discuss the latest in wetland science, management, restoration and protection issues as they relate to anthropogenic alterations that affect wetlands. The program for this 2-day conference will have a special focus on the theme Wetlands in the 21st Century: Altered Landscapes and Changing Climates, and will include a keynote address, topical oral sessions, a poster session, working groups, a banquet and wetland field trips. For more information, visit the conference website at: www.wisconsinwetlands.org/2008conference.htm |
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| INTERNATIONAL EVENTS | |
| International Conference on Health, Safety & the Environment: Carbon Sequestration & Climate Change – Key topics The Society of Petroleum Engineers invites experts interested in climate issues to attend its International Conference on Health, Safety & Environment (HSE), scheduled for 15-17 April in Nice, France. The event will discuss matters related to climate change, public health needs in developing countries, and other pressing social responsibility issues. Key topics will include carbon sequestration and carbon storage; sensitive environments; human rights. For more information, visit: http://www.spe.org/hse08 |
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| International Tundra Experiment Focusing on impact of climate change on tundra ecosystems (including permafrost) Conferences and workshops happening in the U.S. and in other countries http://www.geog.ubc.ca/itex/ |
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| RESOURCES/PUBLICATIONS | |
Geomorphologic Evolution of Barrier Islands along the Northern U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Implications for Engineering Design in Barrier Restoration |
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| United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change publication list is available at http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/items/2625.php | |
| Analysis of Natural Resources Protection Provisions in Climate Security Act (S. 3036) National Wildlife Federation Fact Sheet - May 27, 2008 http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/NWFAnalysisOfCSANaturalResourceProvisions.pdf |
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Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change
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| The American Agricultural Economics Association has posted the first quarter issue of Choices online at www.choicesmagazine.org/ The theme for this issue is Resources and the Environment. Guest Editor Jason F. Shogren brings together nine papers under the title "Climate Change Economics." This thematic package in Choices celebrates the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) work, its Nobel prize and the significant contributions of agricultural and resources Economists to the IPCC process and reports. These nine papers present work which overviews the major aspects of climate change and its implications for agriculture and natural resources written by people who have been intimately involved with the IPCC. This issue of Choices also features an article by Leigh Raymond and Gerald Shively titled "Market-Based Approaches to CO2 Emissions Reductions." Choices is an online peer-reviewed magazine published by the AAEA for readers interested in the policy and management of agriculture, the food industry, natural resources, rural communities, and the environment. If you would like to contribute to future issues, please visit http://www.choicesmagazine.org/submissions.htm |
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| Solving Climate Change Saves Billions By Kristina Kershner – ENN – April 10, 2008 According to Edward Mazria, founder of Architecture 2030, “Although difficult, the economic and global warming crises are the motivation we need as a nation to retool our thinking. If we’re smart enough to jump on this opportunity, we will not only solve global warming, we will set the US up for unprecedented economic success.” For full article, go to: http://www.enn.com/press_releases/2437 For direct link to the study, go to: http://www.architecture2030.org/pdfs/2030Blueprint.pdf |
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| National Water Program Strategy: Response to Climate Change Draft Comments Welcome The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Water has made available for comment a public review draft of the National Water Program Strategy: Response to Climate Change. This draft document represents the National Water Program’s initial effort to identify potential impacts of climate change for clean water and drinking water programs and define actions to respond to these impacts. A March 28, 2008, memorandum signed by the Assistant Administrator for Water requests comments on the draft strategy. For the request for comments, see: http://www.epa.gov/water/climatechange/docs/3-28-08_memo_to_interested_parties.pdf For the draft document open to public comment, go to: http://www.epa.gov/water/climatechange/docs/3-27-08_ccdraftstrategy_final.pdf The comment period has been extended. Please submit comments to the following e-mail address: Water_Climate_Change@epa.gov by June 10, 2008. You also can mail your comments to the following address: Attention: National Water Program Draft Climate Change Strategy, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Mail Code: 4101M - Washington, DC 20460 |
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| Government Report Warns of Sea-Rise Threat to U.S. Coasts (March 2008) A report released by the National Research Council's Transportation Research board explores the threat to transportation networks due to climate change sea level rise. According to the report, tens of thousands of miles of highway and rail corridor will become vulnerable to erosion, chronic flooding and other stresses over the next century as a warming climate causes an increase in extreme weather conditions. The report predicts that some of the nation's busiest airports could see increased service interruptions and runway closures because of sea level rise and storm surges. The report expects an increase in very hot days and heat waves, increases in Arctic temperatures, increases in hurricane activity, increases in intense precipitation events, and rising sea levels. Those factors, coupled with an expected population growth in coastal zones, will create a greater demand on the transportation infrastructure. The report notes there is a need for innovative and collaborative thinking and planning on the parts of planners, engineers, and managers to address this growing problem. Another study, led by the Environmental Protection Agency joined by other agencies, expresses a similar warning on infrastructure and adds a concern for beaches, wetlands and fresh-water supplies that also are threatened due to encroaching saltwater. For more information or to read the report: http://www.nationalacademies.org/morenews/20080311.html; http://climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-1/public-review-draft/ |
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| NOAA Requests Comments on Draft Sea Level Rise Report | |
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is seeking comments on the draft report, U.S. Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.1: Coastal elevation and sensitivity to sea level rise (73, Federal Register, p.10005, February 25). The report analyzes information from the ongoing mapping efforts by federal and non-federal researchers related to the implications of rising sea level. The report will also develop a plan for sea level rise research to answer the questions that are most urgent for near-term decision-making. The deadline for comments is April 10, 2008. For more information, visit http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-1/public-review-draft/ |
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A Landowners Guide to Carbon Sequestration Credits |
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| Coastal Wetlands and Global Climate Change By Robert Twilley – Pew Center on Global Climate Change – December 2007 In 2007, the science of climate change achieved an unfortunate milestone: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reached a consensus position that human-induced global warming is already causing physical and biological impacts worldwide. For direct link to this study, go to: http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/Regional-Impacts-Gulf.pdf |
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| AMWA Releases Report on Threats to Water Systems From Global Warming December 2007 Global warming will raise the risk of water pollution and flood damage to urban water systems, the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA) said in a report yesterday titled "Implications of Climate Change for Urban Water Utilities". The association of publicly owned drinking-water systems predicts rising temperatures will increase evaporation and rainfall and decrease snowpack. Nationwide, increased precipitation and flooding could overwhelm wastewater treatment facilities, the report says. Citing U.S. EPA research, the report says most treatment plants and overflow-control programs were designed according to historic water flows and do not take into account sea level rise spurred by rising temperatures. "As a result, it is conceivable that water suppliers will face a continually increased influent challenge from sewage overflows producing high concentrations of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and coliforms," the report says. The report urges planners to consider methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including a re-examination of water transmission and distribution methods to reduce electricity use during peak periods, as well as integrating renewable energy sources like solar or wind-powered pumping. To see the report go to: http://www.amwa.net/galleries/climate-change/AMWA_Climate_Change_Paper_12.13 .07.pdf |
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| CSO Releases Climate Change Adaptation Report CSO Weekly Report – October 2007 This week, the CSO Climate Change Work Group released a report entitled The Role of Coastal Zone Management Programs in Adaptation to Climate Change. The Work Group prepared this report to explore the current and future roles of state coastal zone management programs in addressing the increasing impacts of climate change to the coastal zone. This report aims to: Inform Congress and federal agencies of the role of state coastal zone management programs in addressing climate change; Inform efforts to reauthorize the Coastal Zone Management Act; Inform federal agencies of key research, information, and policy needs; and Provide for information of exchange among coastal states and territories. To download a copy of the report, please go to the following link: http://www.coastalstates.org/documents/CSO%20Climate%20Change%20Final%20 Report.pdf |
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| Adapting to a Changing Climate: Water, Energy, People,” an address by G. Tracy Mehan, III, Former Assistant Administrator for Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, given at a recent reception (October 2007) in Washington, DC. [View in PDF] | |
| NOAA Climate Change Documents Seek Public Comment The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is seeking public comments on two draft climate change publications. The first is The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity found at: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-3/public-review-draft/default.htm. Comments are due by October 26, 2007. The second is Uses and Limitations of Observations, Data, Forecasts, and other Projections in Decision Support for Selected Sectors and Regions which can be found at: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap5-1/public-review-draft/default.htm. Comments are due by November 8. Instructions for commenting are provided on each publication's web page |
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| The Climate Impacts Group, King County, Washington, and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability are pleased to announce the release of Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments. The guidebook is designed to facilitate planning for climate impacts at the local level by specifying practical steps and strategies that can be used to build community resilience into the future. These steps include creating a climate change preparedness team; identifying community vulnerabilities to climate change; and identifying, selecting, and implementing adaptation options. An electronic copy of the guidebook is available at http://www.cses.washington.edu/cig/fpt/guidebook.shtml (September 2007) Hard copies of the guidebook will be available in October. To request a hard copy, please send me an email (lwb123@u.washington.edu). |
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| New Fundamentals of Urban Runoff Management Document Now Available July 2007 A second edition of a popular publication, Fundamentals of Urban Runoff Management: Technical and Institutional Issues, was recently published by the North American Lake Management Society. This document revises an earlier 1994 edition and was prepared with support from EPA's Office of Wastewater Management and the Nonpoint Source Control Branch in EPA's Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. The update is important because of the tremendous amount of new information available as well as the significant shift in stormwater program direction from the historic mitigation-based approach to a more source-based approach. Copies of the document can be found at: http://www.nalms.org:80/Resources/FundamentalsOfUrbanRunoffManagement.aspx |
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| Ecology's "Issue Up Close" New Brochure on Climate Change for Washington July 2007 The eight-page brochure is available at the climate change web portal that Ecology hosts for state agencies and state residents: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0701023.pdf |
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Sea-level Rise and Coastal Habitats in the Pacific Northwest An Analysis for Puget Sound, Southwestern Washington, and Northwestern Oregon (July 2007) |
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| Testimony of Hon. Eileen Claussen, President, Pew Center on Global Climate Change at the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means -- February 28, 2007 Regarding The Effects of Global Warming (mentions carbon sequestration among the action steps) http://www.pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/in_the_congress/testimony_feb2807.cfm | |
| Climate Change Affects Water Availability [pdf] Washington State Department of Ecology's "Issue Up Close: Managing our Water Successfully"; page 3. (January 2007) |
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| Climate Change 2007 – Fourth IPCC Assessment Report Released The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), was recently completed. Earlier this year, the three IPCC Working Groups contributions to the AR4 were released. On the 17 of November, the last part of the AR4 was launched: “The Synthesis Report.” For a direct link to the fourth report, go to: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf To access online copies of the other three assessment reports, visit: http://www.ipcc.ch/# |
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| A Skeptic’s Guide to Debunking Global Warming Alarmism By Senator James Inhofe, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (September 2006) This report includes a challenge to journalists who cover global warming. For a direct link to this report, go to: http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=56dd129d-e40a-4bad-abd9-68c808e8809e |
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An Unfavorable Tide—Global Warming, Coastal Habitats and Sportfishing in Florida By Patty Glick, NWF and Jonathan Clough, Warren Pinnacle Consulting, Inc. (June 2006) |
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Pacific Institute – Climate Change Impacts to Water http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/climate_change/ |
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| NASA Climate Data http://gcmd.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Home.do?Portal=NASA&MetadataType=0&homepg |
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| New Yale Forum on Climate Change The Yale Forum on Climate Change & The Media, at www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org, just launched on October 1. For more information, visit the new online journal at the above link. This is a collaboration between Yale and environmental writers association. It is edited by Bud Ward who is very well known at NOAA for editing speeches and articles and writing OpEds. |
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Nova Program on Hurricanes - Is global warming making hurricanes more intense? See a slide show on a presentation by Kerry Emanuel from October 2005 as well as more recent discussion links. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3302/07.html |
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| Sea Level Rise and Coastal Disasters -- A Roundtable Discussion Summary, Washington DC, 2001 http://books.nap.edu/html/ndr/sea_level_rise.pdf |
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| BLOGS ON WETLANDS AND CLIMATE CHANGE | |
Global Climate Solutions |
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Water & Climate Change blog (Climate Ark) |
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JPG Magazine: Global Warming and Wetland Destruction Photo Essay |
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350.org |
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| Wetlands and Climate Change By Tom Pelton – Baltimore Sun.com – October 9, 2007 I had a story in today's paper about the planting of wetlands as a tool to fight climate change. Maryland in 2009 will start a "cap and trade" system for reducing carbon dioxide pollution from power plants. And both the state and Maryland's biggest power company are interested in the idea of using pollution credits -- essentially fines to power companies for spewing too much carbon dioxide -- to pay for the planting of acres of wetlands, which absorb carbon dioxide. Whether or not planting more marsh grass in the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge will do much to stop global warming is a matter of debate. Probably, it could play a small role -- when combined with large cuts in actual carbon dioxide emissions. But pollution credit systems are a hot topic not only in Annapolis, but also in DC and around the world. For example, Barack Obama yesterday outlined his support of a national pollution credit trading system to limit carbon dioxide pollution. "No business will be allowed to emit any greenhouse gases for free,” Mr. Obama said while campaigning Portsmouth, N.H, according to The New York Times. “Businesses don’t own the sky, the public does, and if we want them to stop polluting it, we have to put a price on all pollution.” Constellation Energy, the state's largest owner of power plants, is one of several power companies across the country that support a national cap-and-trade system for cutting down greenhouse gas pollution. In fact, a large coalition of both industrial corporations -- like General Motors and Duke Energy -- and environmental groups -- like the Natural Resources Defense Council -- support a national pollution credit system for attacking climate change. To view this blog, go to: http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bay_environment/blog/2007/10/ wetlands_and_climate_change.html |
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| RealClimate - Climate science from climate scientists http://www.realclimate.org/ |
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| Climate Progress http://climateprogress.org/2007/12/31/sea-levels-may-rise-5-feet-by-2100/ |
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| USEFUL LINKS & RESOURCES | |||
| Canada | |||
| Environment Canada, Wetlands & Climate Change http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/nature/wetlan/e_clim.htm |
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| United States | |||
U.S. Committee on Energy and Commerce’s Climate Change Legislation Discussions |
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| USGS Global Climate Change webpage http://biology.usgs.gov:80/ecosystems/global_change/index.html | |||
| USGS, Global Climate Change & Wetlands, National Wetlands Research Center http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/about/web/climate.htm |
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| Ducks Unlimited, Wetlands & Climate Change http://www.iisd.org/wetlands/ |
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| Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy, University of Alaska, Fairbanks http://www.uaf.edu/accap/ |
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| Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research, Affiliate of University of Alaska http://www.lter.uaf.edu/ |
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| Global Warming in the South, Southern Environmental Law Center http://www.southernenvironment.org/cases/global_warming/index.htm | |||
Future Climate Data Download Available From IPPC IPPC 3rd Assessment data. Future climate projections, calibrated and statistically downscaled using the WorldClim data for 'current' conditions. http://www.worldclim.org/futdown.htm |
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCC] http://www.unfccc.int GHG data: http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ghg_data_unfccc/items/4146.php |
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| U.S. Wetlands & Carbon Sequestration Links | |||
| Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership (has good list of recent publications & reports) http://www.bigskyco2.org/ Reports list: http://www.bigskyco2.org/publications.htm |
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| Conservation Fund Carbon Sequestration Program http://www.conservationfund.org/?article=3127 |
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| Duck’s Unlimited Carbon Sequestration Program http://www.ducks.org/Conservation/EcoAssets/1306/CarbonSequestration.html |
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| Great Britian | |||
| Peatlands, Climate Change & Global Carbon Stores http://biology.bangor.ac.uk/~bss113/wetland1.htm |
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| International Organizations | |||
| United Nations Climate Change http://www.unep.org/themes/climatechange/ |
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| Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/ |
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June 23, 2009.
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